Devices with a single metal layer

ABSTRACT

A single metal layer device, such as a display or sensor, comprises a substrate and a patterned metal layer. The patterned metal layer forms a two-dimensional array of spatially separated column line segments that each extend only partially across the display substrate in a column direction and forms a one-dimensional array of row lines extending across the display substrate in a row direction different from the column direction. The row lines and column line segments are electrically separate in the patterned metal layer. Spatially separated electrical jumpers are disposed on the display substrate and electrically connect pairs of column line segments adjacent in the column direction. Each electrical jumper has an independent jumper substrate independent of and separate from the display substrate. In certain embodiments, spatially separated light-emitting pixel circuits are disposed on a display substrate and are electrically connected to at least one row line and one column line.

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. PatentApplication No. 62/366,945, filed Jul. 26, 2016, entitled Single MetalLayer Display, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to devices, such as displays andsensors, with substrates having a reduced number ofphotolithographically defined layers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Flat-panel displays are widely used in conjunction with computingdevices, in mobile devices, and for entertainment devices such astelevisions. Such displays typically employ an array of pixelsdistributed over a display substrate to display images, graphics, ortext. In a color display, each pixel includes light emitters that emitlight of different colors, such as red, green, and blue.

Flat-panel display substrates are manufactured using photolithographicprocesses to define conductive wires and thin-film circuits on thedisplay substrate. Typically, the thin-film circuits control the pixelsin the array and a matrix-addressing scheme is used to address thepixels with controllers external to the pixel array. Thematrix-addressing scheme generally has row lines arranged across thedisplay substrate in a row direction and column lines arranged acrossthe display substrate in a column direction orthogonal to the rowdirection. One of the row lines is used to select a row of pixels whilethe column lines, in parallel, provide data to each of the pixels in theselected row (or vice versa).

The row and column lines must be electrically separate to properlyselect a row of pixels and provide individual pixel values to each ofthe pixels in the rows. To maintain electrical isolation between the rowand column lines, the row lines are typically formed in a separate layeron or over the display substrate from the column lines. Vias areprovided as necessary to enable electrical connections to any row orcolumn lines.

The formation of patterned electrical conductors in a display substratelayer requires multiple photolithographic steps, such as blanket coatingthe display substrate with a metal layer, blanket coating a photoresistover the metal layer, exposing the photoresist to patterned illuminationthrough a mask to pattern-wise cure the photoresist, developing thephotoresist, etching the exposed pattern of metal, and removing thephotoresist. Additional planarization layers can be performed and viasthrough such layers constructed using further photolithographic steps.

Photolithographic processing, although well understood and widelyemployed in the display industry, is expensive, particular for verylarge displays (e.g., having a two-meter or larger diagonal) acrosswhich very tight tolerances (e.g. within several microns) must bemaintained.

Electrical jumpers are known in the electronics industry and typicallyrefers to a short length of electrical conductor used to close, open, orbypass portions of an electrical circuit with exposed jumper pins orcontact points on a printed circuit board. Such jumpers typically have asize of a few millimeters and are used to configure or set up printedcircuit boards. Jumpers are generally installed by hand or with roboticassembly. Similarly, dual-in-line packages (DIP) switches provide acomparable function with switches and are generally operable by humans.In consequence, such electronic interconnection devices are limited innumber and, especially, size on a typical substrate.

There remains a need, therefore, for devices, such as displays, havingsimplified structures that are easier to make with fewer steps at alower cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, inter alia, single metal layer displays.Such flat-panel displays can have a display substrate with a singlephotolithographically patterned metal layer to provide all of thedisplay control signals. The display substrate has a display surfacewith a display area and a patterned metal layer disposed in or on thedisplay substrate in the display area. The patterned metal layer is atleast partially exposed on the display surface.

The patterned metal layer forms a two-dimensional array of spatiallyseparated column line segments in the display area. Each column linesegment extends only partially across the display area in a columndirection. The patterned metal layer also forms a one-dimensional arrayof row lines extending across the display area in a row directiondifferent from the column direction. The row lines and column linesegments are electrically separate in the patterned metal layer and atleast partially in the display substrate area.

In certain embodiments, a plurality of spatially separated electricaljumpers is disposed in the display area on the display surface. Eachelectrical jumper is electrically connected to two column line segmentsadjacent in the column direction and thereby electrically connects theadjacent column line segments and forms a one-dimensional array ofelectrically continuous column lines extending across the display areain the column direction. Each electrical jumper has an independentjumper substrate independent of and separate from the display substrateand independent of and separate from the jumper substrate of any otherelectrical jumper.

In certain embodiments, a plurality of spatially separated pixelcircuits is disposed in the display area on the display surface. Eachpixel circuit is electrically connected to at least one row line of anarray of row lines and one column line of an array of electricallycontinuous column lines.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each pixel circuitcomprises one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit light, forexample inorganic LEDs or organic LEDs.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the pixel circuits arepassive circuits and the single metal layer display is a passive-matrixdisplay. In another embodiment, the pixel circuits are active circuitsthat each include at least one transistor and the single metal layerdisplay is an active-matrix display.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each pixel circuitcomprises two or more light emitters that each emit a different color oflight, for example each pixel circuit comprises a red light emitter thatemits red light, a green light emitter that emits green light, and ablue light emitter that emits blue light.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each electrical jumpercomprises at least first and second connection posts protruding from thejumper substrate. The first connection post is in electrical contactwith a first column line segment and the second connection post inelectrical contact with a second column line segment adjacent to thefirst column line segment in the column direction.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each pixel circuitcomprises an independent pixel substrate different from the displaysubstrate and different from the pixel substrate of any other pixelcircuit. Each pixel circuit can include one or more light emitters thatare disposed on the pixel substrate. The pixel substrate can be asemiconductor substrate such as a silicon substrate, the pixel circuitcan include a control circuit, and the control circuit can be native tothe silicon substrate. Alternatively, the pixel substrate can be anon-semiconductor substrate such as glass or plastic.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each pixel circuitcomprises a silicon substrate different from the display substrate,different from the pixel substrate of any other pixel circuit, anddifferent from the silicon substrate of any other pixel circuit. Thepixel circuit can include a control circuit native to the siliconsubstrate and the silicon substrate can be disposed on the pixelsubstrate.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the pixel circuitcomprises at least first and second wires formed in or on the pixelsubstrate. Each silicon substrate comprises at least first and secondconnection posts. The first connection post is in electrical contactwith the first wire and the second connection post is in contact withthe second wire.

In certain embodiments, the pixel circuit comprises at least first andsecond wires formed on or in the pixel substrate and one or more LEDs.Each LED comprises a light-emitting structure electrically connected toat least first and second connection posts. The first connection post isin electrical contact with the first wire and the second connection postis in contact with the second wire.

In some embodiments, each pixel substrate comprises at least row andcolumn connection posts. The row connection post is in electricalcontact with a row conductor and the column connection post is incontact with a column conductor segment.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the pixel substrate andthe jumper substrate are the same substrate. Thus, the pixel circuit andelectrical jumper are formed in a common device on a common substrate.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the patterned metal layerforms a plurality of one-dimensional arrays of row lines extendingacross the display area in the row direction and each pixel circuit isconnected to one row line of each of the one-dimensional arrays of rowlines. The row lines of one of the arrays of row lines can be signallines, the row lines of one of the arrays of row lines can be powerlines, the row lines of one of the arrays of row lines can be groundlines, the row lines of one of the arrays of row lines can be signallines and the row lines of another, different one of the arrays of rowlines can also be signal lines, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the patterned metal layerforms a plurality of two-dimensional arrays of spatially separatedcolumn lines extending across the display area in the column direction.The pixel circuit is connected to one column line of each of theone-dimensional arrays of column lines. The column lines of one of thearrays of column lines can be signal lines, the column lines of one ofthe arrays of column lines can be power lines, the column lines of oneof the arrays of column lines can be ground lines, the column lines ofone of the arrays of column lines can be signal lines and the columnlines of another, different one of the arrays of column lines can alsobe signal lines, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a micro-transfer printablecircuit comprises a pixel substrate having a pixel circuit with three ormore electrical connections. At least two of the electrical connectionsare directly electrically connected to form an electrical jumper and atleast two of the electrical connections cause the pixel circuit to emitlight. At least two of the electrical connections that cause the pixelcircuit to emit light can also be one of the electrical connections thatare directly electrically connected to form an electrical jumper. Eachelectrical connection can comprise a connection post protruding from thepixel substrate.

In certain embodiments, methods of making a single metal layer displayinclude providing a display substrate having a patterned metal layer asdescribed above, providing a plurality of electrical jumpers on a jumpersource wafer, each electrical jumper having an independent and separatejumper substrate different from the display substrate and different fromthe jumper substrate of any other electrical jumper, and micro-transferprinting the jumper substrates onto the display substrate andinterconnecting the electrical jumpers so that each electrical jumper iselectrically connected to two column line segments adjacent in thecolumn direction to electrically connect the adjacent column linesegments and form a one-dimensional array of electrically continuouscolumn lines extending across the display area in the column direction.

In certain embodiments, a plurality of pixel circuits is provided on acircuit source substrate, each pixel circuit having an independent andseparate pixel substrate different from the display substrate anddifferent from the pixel substrate of any other pixel circuits. Thepixel substrates are micro-transfer printed onto the display substrateand interconnected so that each pixel circuit is electrically connectedto at least one row conductor and one column conductor.

In some embodiments of methods of the present invention, the step ofmicro-transfer printing the jumper substrate interconnects theelectrical jumpers so that each electrical jumper is electricallyconnected to two column line segments adjacent in the column directionto electrically connect the adjacent column line segments. In someembodiments of methods, an LED source wafer is provided and LEDs aremicro-transfer printed from the LED source wafer onto the pixelsubstrate. In yet another method, a control circuit is provided in eachof a plurality of silicon substrates in a silicon source wafer and thesilicon substrates are micro-transfer printed from the silicon sourcewafer onto the pixel substrate.

In certain embodiments, each of the inorganic micro light-emittingdiodes has a width from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50μm, a length from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm, ora height from 2 to 5 μm, 4 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm. Incertain embodiments, a resolution of the single metal layer display is120×90, 1440×1080, 1920×1080, 1280×720, 3840×2160, 7680×4320, or15360×8640.

In certain embodiments, the display substrate has a thickness from 5 to10 microns, 10 to 50 microns, 50 to 100 microns, 100 to 200 microns, 200to 500 microns, 0.5 to 1 mm, 1 mm to 5 mm, 5 mm to 10 mm, or 10 mm to 20mm. In certain embodiments, the display substrate is a member selectedfrom the group consisting of polymer, plastic, resin, polyimide, PEN,PET, metal, metal foil, glass, a semiconductor, and sapphire. In certainembodiments, the display substrate has a transparency greater than orequal to 50%, 80%, 90%, or 95% for visible light.

In certain embodiments, the display area is a contiguous display areathat comprises light-emitting diodes, each light-emitting diode has alight-emissive area, and the combined light-emissive areas of theplurality of light-emitting diodes is less than or equal to one-quarterof the contiguous display substrate area. In certain embodiments,combined light-emissive areas of the light-emitting diodes is less thanor equal to one eighth, one tenth, one twentieth, one fiftieth, onehundredth, one five-hundredth, one thousandth, one two-thousandth, orone ten-thousandth of the contiguous display substrate area.

In certain embodiments, the pixel circuits form a regular array on thedisplay substrate in the display area. In certain embodiments, eachpixel circuit comprises a single light emitter. In certain embodiments,each pixel circuit comprises at least three light emitters, each of theat least three light emitters emitting light of different colors, forexample red, green, or blue. In certain embodiments, each color of lightemitters in the pixel circuits form a regular array on the displaysubstrate in the display area.

In certain embodiments, the single-metal-layer display comprises aplurality of pixel circuits each including a pixel substrate (e.g.,separate from the display substrate) disposed on the display substrateand one or more light emitters disposed on the pixel substrate. In someembodiments, the pixel circuit on the pixel substrate comprises fineinterconnections of a relatively high resolution having a width of 100nm to 1 μm electrically connected to the light emitters of therespective pixel circuit.

In certain embodiments, one or more conductive wires on the displaysubstrate electrically connects two or more of the pixel circuits. Incertain embodiments, the one or more conductive wires conduct signalsfor controlling the light emitters in the pixel circuits, for conductingpower to the pixel circuits, or for providing a ground reference voltageto the pixel circuits. In an embodiment, the conductive wires on thedisplay substrate comprises coarse interconnections of a relatively lowresolution having a width from 2 μm to 2 mm, wherein each coarseinterconnection is electrically connected to at least one of the pixelcircuits on the display substrate.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of light emitters emits lightthrough the display substrate. In other embodiment, the plurality oflight emitters emits light in a direction opposite the displaysubstrate.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to deviceswith matrix-addressed arrays of elements on a substrate and is describedwith respect to displays. However, in certain embodiments, the presentinvention can be (e.g., additionally) directed to any matrix-addresseddevice, for example including a sensor array. Such sensor arrays can beused in imaging, for example medical imaging to form images. Thus,according to some embodiments of the present invention, a single metallayer sensor array comprises a sensor substrate having a sensor surfacewith a sensor area and a patterned metal layer disposed in or on thesensor substrate in the sensor area. The patterned metal layer is atleast partially exposed on the sensor surface. The patterned metal layerforms a two-dimensional array of spatially separated column linesegments in the sensor area, each column line segment extending onlypartially across the sensor area in a column direction. The patternedmetal layer also forms a one-dimensional array of row lines extendingacross the sensor area in a row direction different from the columndirection. The row lines and column line segments are electricallyseparate in the patterned metal layer and in the sensor substrate. Aplurality of spatially separated electrical jumpers can be disposed inthe sensor area on the sensor surface with each electrical jumperelectrically connected to two column line segments adjacent in thecolumn direction to electrically connect the adjacent column linesegments and form a one-dimensional array of electrically continuouscolumn lines extending across the sensor area in the column direction,wherein each electrical jumper has an independent jumper substrateindependent of and separate from the sensor substrate and independent ofand separate from the jumper substrate of any other electrical jumper. Aplurality of spatially separated light-sensitive pixel circuits can bedisposed in the sensor area on the sensor surface, each pixel circuitelectrically connected to at least one row line of the array of rowlines and one column line of the array of electrically continuous columnlines.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages ofthe present disclosure will become more apparent and better understoodby referring to the following description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic plan view of an illustrative embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 1B is a schematic plan view of the illustrative embodiment of FIG.1A with electrical jumpers and pixel circuits removed to expose thepatterned metal layer and contact pads;

FIG. 1C is a partial schematic cross section of FIG. 1A along crosssection line A;

FIG. 1D is a partial schematic cross section of FIG. 1A along crosssection line B;

FIG. 2A is a schematic plan view of a pixel circuit according to anillustrative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2B is a schematic cross section of FIG. 2A along cross section lineC;

FIG. 3A is a schematic plan view of a pixel circuit including a controlcircuit according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 3B is a schematic cross section of FIG. 3A along cross section lineD;

FIG. 4A is a schematic plan view of a pixel circuit including a controlcircuit in a separate substrate according to an illustrative embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 4B is a schematic cross section of FIG. 4A along cross section lineE;

FIG. 5 is a schematic bottom plan view of a pixel circuit and electricaljumper in a common device with a common pixel substrate and a pluralityof row lines according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic bottom plan view of a pixel circuit and electricaljumper in a common device with a common pixel substrate and a pluralityof row lines and column lines according to an illustrative embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 7A is a schematic bottom plan view of a pixel circuit andelectrical jumper in a common device with a common pixel substrate and aplurality of row lines for controlling red, green, and blue lightemitters according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 7B is a schematic cross section of the pixel substrate of FIG. 7Aalong column line 17;

FIGS. 8A-8E are schematic bottom plan views of various redundantconnections and pixel circuits according to various illustrativeembodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic cross section of an electrical jumper withconnection posts according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic cross section of a light emitting diode withconnection posts according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 11A-11F are schematic cross sections of sequential steps useful inmaking an electrical jumper with connection posts in a jumper sourcewafer according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 12A-12F are schematic cross sections of sequential steps useful inmaking an LED with connection posts in an LED source wafer according toan illustrative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic cross section of a stamp, electrical jumper, anddisplay substrate illustrating micro-transfer printing the electricaljumper onto the display substrate according to an illustrative method ofthe present invention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic cross section of an electrical jumpermicro-transfer printed onto the display substrate with connection postsaccording to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating an illustrative method of thepresent invention;

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating an illustrative method of thepresent invention; and

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram illustrating an illustrative method of thepresent invention.

The features and advantages of the present disclosure will become moreapparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken inconjunction with the drawings, in which like reference charactersidentify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, likereference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar,and/or structurally similar elements. The figures are not drawn to scalesince the variation in size of various elements in the Figures is toogreat to permit depiction to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a singlemetal layer display 10, for example as illustrated in FIG. 1A inschematic plan view, FIG. 1B in partial schematic plan view, FIG. 1C inpartial cross section taken along cross section line A, and FIG. 1D inpartial cross section taken along cross section line B. A single metallayer display 10 is a display for presenting information that isconstructed on or over a display substrate 12 having a display surface13 with a display area 11. In certain embodiments, the display surface13 is suitable for photolithographic or printed circuit board materialsand processes or for micro-transfer printing. A patterned single layerof metal 15 is disposed in or on the display substrate 12 in the displayarea 11 and is at least partially exposed on the display surface 13.Some or all of the metal in a patterned single layer of metal 15 can beexposed. The display substrate 12 can have additional metal layers orother dielectric layers, electrical connections between layers, vias, orother photolithographically defined or printed circuit board layers.However, according to some embodiments of the present invention, thesingle patterned metal layer 15 provides at least all of the electricalwiring, electrical interconnections, and electrical contacts necessaryto provide control signals to an array of pixel circuits 30 disposedover or on the display substrate 12. The single patterned metal layer 15can also provide power and ground signals. The single metal layer 15 canbe entirely exposed for electrical connection on the display surface 13of the display substrate 12. In some embodiments, an insulating layer isprovided over the single metal layer 15 with vias provided through theinsulating layer to enable electrical connections to the single metallayer 15.

The single metal layer 15 can be formed over the display substrate 12using photolithographic processes used in the display industry, forexample including blanket metal deposition methods such as evaporation,spin or curtain coating photo-patternable photoresist over the metallayer 15, exposing the photoresist to a pattern of radiation through amask, and curing, etching and removing the photoresist to form thepatterned metal layer 15. Alternatively, printed circuit boardtechniques or lamination methods can be employed. The single metal layer15 can include electrically conductive metals such as aluminum, copper,silver, gold, tin, titanium, or tungsten or metal alloys. The metallayer 15 can include metal oxides, including indium tin oxide, aluminumzinc oxide, or other transparent metal oxides, or conductive inkscontaining electrically conductive particles such as metal or metalcoated particles of any suitable size. In particular, in certainembodiments, the single metal layer 15 comprises any patternedelectrical conductor, including conductive organic materials that arenot metal such as electrically conductive polymers such as, for example,polythiophene. The phrase “single metal layer” is used for convenience,simplicity, and clarity because most conventional substrate conductorsare metal and the phrase “metal layer” is widely used in thephotolithographic, integrated circuit, and display industries. However,according to embodiments of the present invention, the phrase “singlemetal layer” can be replaced throughout this specification with thephrase “single electrically conductive layer” and “metal” in thiscontext can be replaced with “electrical conductor.”

The patterned metal layer 15 forms a two-dimensional array of spatiallyseparated column line segments 17 in the display area 11. Each columnline segment 17 extends only partially across the display area 11 in acolumn direction 70. The patterned metal layer 15 also forms aone-dimensional array of row lines 16 extending across the display area11 in a row direction 72 different from the column direction 70. In someembodiments, row lines 16 extend across and also beyond a display area11. In some embodiments, the row direction 72 and the column direction70 are orthogonal. The row lines 16 and column line segments 17 areelectrically separate in the patterned metal layer 15 and in the displaysubstrate 12 in the display area 11. Electrically separate in thepatterned metal layer 15 and in the display area 11 of the displaysubstrate 12 means that the patterned metal layer 15 or other conductiveelements in the display substrate 12 do not provide electricalconnections between separate column line segments 17 and do not provideelectrical connections between column line segments 17 and row lines 16.A line, as intended herein, is a passive electrically conductive elementsuch as a wire, conductor, or trace patterned over the display substrate12 to conduct electrical signals such as power, ground, or controlsignals in the display area 11.

Because the row lines 16 extend substantially across the display area 11but are not electrically connected to the column line segments 17 in thepatterned single metal layer 15, each row line 16 passes between twocolumn line segments 17 that are adjacent in the column direction 70 foreach column of column line segments 17 in the two-dimensional array ofcolumn line segments 17. The column line segments 17 are electricallyconnected in electrically continuous column lines 18 through a pluralityof spatially separated electrical jumpers 20 that are not in the displaysubstrate 12 but are disposed in the display area 11 on or over thedisplay surface 13. Each electrical jumper 20 electrically connects twocolumn line segments 17 that are adjacent in the column direction 70,for example with wires 40 in the electrical jumper 20, to electricallyconnect the adjacent column line segments 17 and form a one-dimensionalarray of separate, electrically continuous column lines 18 extendingsubstantially across the display area 11 in the column direction 70.Wires 40 can be any patterned electrical conductor and can be made, forexample, of metal, metal oxide, or conductive inks. Each electricaljumper 20 has an independent jumper substrate 21 independent of andseparate from the display substrate 12 and independent of and separatefrom the jumper substrate 21 of any other electrical jumper 20. Inparticular, the electrical jumpers 20 are not formed on or in thedisplay substrate 12 with photolithographic or printed circuit boardtechniques used to make multi-layer display substrate or printed circuitboard electrical conductors.

A plurality of spatially separated light-emitting pixel circuits 30 isdisposed in the display area 11 on or over the display surface 13 of thedisplay substrate 12. Each pixel circuit 30 is electrically connected toat least one row line 16 and one column line segment 17 of a column line18. The pixel circuits 30 can be formed in or on the display substrate12 (e.g., as a thin-film circuit) or, in some embodiments, can be formedon a separate pixel substrate 36 and disposed and electrically connectedto the row lines 16 and column lines 18. The pixel circuits 30 can formpixels in the single metal layer display 10. The pixels can be operatedby a display controller that controls row and column controllersconnected to the row lines 16 and column lines 18, respectively, byelectrical buses 19. Display, row, and column controllers can beintegrated circuits mounted on the display substrate 12 or connectedexternally to the display substrate 12, for example by flexible ribboncables (not shown).

FIG. 1B illustrates the single metal layer display 10 of FIG. 1A withoutthe electrical jumpers 20 or pixel circuits 30 so that the contact pads14 and the electrical connections between the row lines 16, the columnline segments 17, the electrical jumpers 20, and the pixel circuits 30are more clearly visible. The vertical extensions extending to thelocations of the pixel circuits 30 from the horizontal row lines 16 areconsidered to be a part of the row lines 16. Likewise, the horizontalextensions extending to the locations of the pixel circuits 30 from thevertical column line segments 17 are considered to be a part of thecolumn lines 18. Notwithstanding these local extensions, the row lines16 substantially extend across the display area 11 in the row direction72 and the column lines 18 substantially extend across the display area11 in the column direction 70. To extend across the display area 11means to extend to all of the pixel circuits 30 or electrical jumpers 20in the display area 11 (e.g., not extending beyond the display area 11indicated). The line layout of FIGS. 1A and 1B are illustrative andselected for presentation clarity; knowledgeable circuit designers willrecognize that alternative electrically equivalent layouts are possibleand readily designed. For example, in an alternative layout, either ofthe horizontal or vertical extensions is omitted and the location of thepixel circuit 30 moved to overlap with the column line segment 17 or rowline 16, respectively.

The display substrate 12 can include optional contact pads 14 for makingelectrical connections to the electrical jumpers 20 and to the pixelcircuits 30. The contact pads 14 can be a part of the patterned singlemetal layer 15 or a part of the row lines 16, column lines 18, or columnline segments 17. In some embodiments of the present invention,specially formed contact pads 14 are not necessary but are illustratedto clarify the electrical connections with or the locations of theelectrical jumpers 20 and the pixel circuits 30.

Each pixel circuit 30 can include one or more light-emitting elements,for example a light-emitting diode (LED), an organic light-emittingdiode, or an inorganic light-emitting diode. In some embodiments, all ofthe light-emitting elements emit light of the same color or emit a whitecolor. In some embodiments, the pixel circuits 30 are provided ingroups. Each group emits a different color of light (for example red,green, or blue) and all of the light-emitters within a group emit thesame color. In some embodiments, each pixel circuit 30 includes two ormore light emitters that each emit a different color of light. Forexample, each pixel circuit 30 can include a red light emitter thatemits red light, a green light emitter that emits green light, and ablue light emitter that emits blue light. Each pixel circuit 30 canenable a full-color pixel in an array of pixels in the single metallayer display 10.

As is well understood in the art, row and column are arbitrarydesignations and can be exchanged while maintaining the functionality ofa single metal layer display 10.

The pixel circuits 30 can be passive-matrix circuits and a single metallayer display 10 can be a passive-matrix single metal layer display 10.Alternatively, pixel circuits 30 can be active-matrix circuits that eachinclude at least one transistor and a single metal layer display 10 canbe an active-matrix single metal layer display 10. In some embodiments,pixel circuits 30 have different connections to the display substrate 12(e.g., for providing power, ground, and control signals), such as rowcontrol signals, column control signals, or data signals for each lightemitter in the pixel circuit 30. The number of connections can bedifferent in different embodiments.

In certain embodiments, by requiring only a single patterned metal layer15 on the display substrate 12, manufacturing costs for the displaysubstrate 12 are reduced.

Referring specifically to FIG. 1C, in some embodiments, each electricaljumper 20 includes at least first and second connection posts 22protruding from the jumper substrate 21. The first connection post 22 isin electrical contact with a first column line segment 17A and thesecond connection post 22 is in electrical contact with a second columnline segment 17B adjacent to the first column line segment 17A in thecolumn direction. In certain embodiments, each connection post 22physically contacts a contact pad 14. Each connection post 22 can extendinto or pierce the contact pad 14 (or row line 16 or column line segment17) with which it is in electrical contact. The wires 40 of theelectrical jumper 20 can be formed in or on the jumper substrate 21using photolithographic or integrated circuit methods.

Similarly, referring specifically to FIG. 1D, each pixel circuit 30 cancomprise an independent pixel substrate 36 separate and different fromthe display substrate 12 and independent and separate from the pixelsubstrate 36 of any other pixel circuit 30. Each pixel circuit 30 caninclude one or more light emitters that are disposed on the pixelsubstrate 36, for example light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 34, for example,transferred to the pixel substrate 36 by micro-transfer printing, andelectrically connected to the contact pads 14 by wires 40 to form acompound micro-assembled structure with multiple substrates. In somesuch embodiments, each pixel substrate 36 includes at least row andcolumn connection posts 22. The row connection post 22 is in electricalcontact with a row line 16 and the column connection post 22 is incontact with a column line segment 17 that is part of a column line 18.

Although some embodiments of the present invention illustrate the use ofconnection posts 22 to enable electrical connections with micro-transferprinting, in some other embodiments of the present invention,photolithographic processes are used to pattern metal electricalconnections between the display substrate 12 and, for example, pixelcircuits 30, light emitters, and electrical jumpers 20.

Referring to the plan view of FIG. 2A and the cross section of FIG. 2Btaken across cross section line C of FIG. 2A, in some embodiments of thepresent invention, the pixel circuit 30 is a passive circuit and thepixel substrate 36 can be a non-semiconductor material such as glass orplastic. In some such embodiments, the pixel circuit 30 includes threelight emitters, LEDs 34R, 34G, and 34B (collectively LEDs 34) that whenoperated emit red, green, and blue light respectively. LEDs 34 can bedisposed on the pixel substrate 36 by micro-transfer printing. The pixelcircuit 30 can include wires 40 (not shown) in a simple wiringconnection to enable operation of the pixel circuit 30 and LEDs 34 byexternal controllers. The wires 40 can be made using conventionalsubstrate processing methods and can electrically interconnect LEDs 34to connection posts 22.

In some embodiments, referring to the plan view of FIG. 3A and the crosssection of FIG. 3B taken across cross section line D of FIG. 3A, thepixel circuit 30 can be an active circuit and can include, for example,control transistors in a control circuit 38 that controls the LEDs 34.In some such embodiments, the pixel substrate 36 is a semiconductorsubstrate such as a silicon substrate and the control circuit 38 isnative to the semiconductor substrate and uses portions of thesemiconductor substrate material as active components in the circuit,for example, as a transistor, made using integrated circuit processingtechnology. In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the pixelcircuit 30 includes three light emitters, LEDs 34R, 34G, and 34B(collectively LEDs 34) that when operated by the native control circuit38 emit red, green, and blue light respectively. The LEDs 34 can bedisposed on the pixel substrate 36 by micro-transfer printing from anLED source wafer. The pixel circuit 30 includes wires 40 (not shown) asinterconnections within the control circuit 38, to electrically connectthe control circuit 38 to connection posts 22, and to electricallyinterconnect the LEDs 34 to the control circuit 38. The wires 40 can bemade using conventional substrate processing methods.

Referring to the plan view of FIG. 4A and the cross section of FIG. 4B,taken across cross section line E of FIG. 4A, in some embodiments of thepresent invention, each pixel circuit 30 comprises a semiconductorsubstrate 39 such as a silicon substrate different from the displaysubstrate 12 that includes a control circuit 38 native to thesemiconductor substrate 39. The semiconductor substrate 39 is differentfrom the pixel substrate 36 of any other pixel circuit 30 and differentfrom the semiconductor substrate 39 of any other control circuit 38. Thesemiconductor substrate 39 is disposed on the pixel substrate 36, forexample by micro-transfer printing from a semiconductor source wafer. Inthe illustrative embodiment of FIGS. 4A and 4B, and also as in theembodiment of FIGS. 2A and 2B, the pixel substrate 36 can be anon-semiconductor substrate, for example glass or plastic that supportsonly passive electrical elements such as wires 40 to interconnect theLEDs 34 to the control circuit 38 of the semiconductor substrate 39 andto the connection posts 22. In some embodiments, the pixel circuit 30includes three light emitters, LEDs 34R, 34G, and 34B (collectively LEDs34) that when operated by the control circuit 38 emit red, green, andblue light respectively. The LEDs 34 and the semiconductor substrate 39can be disposed on the pixel substrate 36 by micro-transfer printing andthen interconnected using integrated circuit and display substrateprocessing methods.

As is further shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, in some embodiments, the pixelcircuit 30 includes at least first and second wires 40 formed on or inthe pixel substrate 36. Each pixel substrate 36 includes at least firstand second connection posts 22. The first connection post 22 is inelectrical contact with the first wire 40, and the second connectionpost 22 is in contact with the second wire 40. Moreover, one or moreLEDs 34 can each include a light-emitting structure electricallyconnected to at least the first and second connection posts 22 in thepixel circuit 30 or to the control circuit 38. As shown, the pixelcircuits 30 can include more than two connection posts 22 protrudingfrom the pixel substrate 36 and electrically connected with wires 40 tothe control circuit 38, for example to provide additional control,power, or ground signals to the control circuit 38 and LEDs 34.

The structure of FIGS. 2A and 2B enable a simple passive-matrix display.The structure of FIGS. 3A and 3B enable an active-matrix display havinga pixel circuit 30 with a reduced area provided by disposing the LEDs 34on the control circuit 38. The structure of FIGS. 4A and 4B enable anactive-matrix display having a pixel circuit 30 with an independentcontrol circuit 38 provided by disposing the LEDs 34 and the controlcircuit 38 on the pixel substrate 36 using micro-transfer printing thatis suitable for light emission through the pixel substrate 36 and, insome embodiments, through the display substrate 12.

All of the illustrative embodiments of FIGS. 2A-4B incorporate multiplesubstrates (e.g., where the LED 34 has an LED substrate). Suchmicro-assembled structures with multiple substrates form a compoundmicro-assembled structure.

By micro-transfer printing the LEDs 34 and semiconductor substrate 39,if present, onto the pixel substrate 36, high-performance integratedcircuit processes can be used to make the LEDs 34 and semiconductorsubstrate 39 on source wafers at a relatively lower cost rather than onthe display substrate 12 at a relatively higher cost. Furthermore,higher resolution processes are used and structures made that have ahigher performance than similar processes and structures on a displaysubstrate 12. In addition, use of connection posts 22 enables theelectrical interconnection of relatively high-resolution features (e.g.,in pixel circuits 30) to relatively-low-resolution features (e.g. rowand column lines 16, 18) of the display substrate 12 in a simple,efficient, and low-cost way.

In various embodiments of the present invention, various numbers of rowand column lines 16, 18 can be formed on the display substrate 12 andused to control the light emitters of the pixel circuits 30. Moreover,in certain embodiments, a pixel substrate 36 and a jumper substrate 21are the same substrate. In these embodiments, the pixel substrate 36includes wires 40 that provide an electrical jumper 20 and the pixelsubstrate 36 supports LEDs 34 and any control circuit 38 used to controlthe LEDs 34 in the pixel circuit 30.

In some embodiment of the present invention, the pixel circuit 30 can bea passive circuit that simply includes the pixel substrate 36 with wires40, a plurality of connection posts 22, and an LED 34 (illustrated inFIGS. 2A and 2B without the wires 40). In some active-matrix embodimentof the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5, the patterned metal layer15 (as shown in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1A) forms a pluralityof one-dimensional arrays of row lines 16 extending across the displayarea 11 (as shown in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1A) in the rowdirection 72 that provide multiple signals to the control circuit 38(not shown). In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 5, one of thearrays of row lines 16P provides a power signal, another one of thearrays of row lines 16S provides a control signal, and yet another oneof the arrays of row lines 16G provides a ground signal.

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 5, the pixel circuit 30 isconnected to one row line 16 of each of the one-dimensional arrays ofrow lines 16. Wires 40 electrically connect to the connection posts 22and the LED 34 (not shown in FIG. 5 but as illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3B,4A, and 4B). In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 5, the pixelsubstrate 36 is also the jumper substrate 21 so that the pixel circuit30 and the electrical jumper 20 are formed on a common substrate and ina common device. For clarity, the common substrate will be referred tohereafter as the pixel substrate 36 but will be indicated in the Figuresas a common substrate that is both a pixel substrate 36 and a jumpersubstrate 21. The electrical jumper 20 is formed by electricallyconnecting the farthest apart two connection posts 22 in the columndirection 70 with a wire 40, shown as a dashed line in the Figure. Insome embodiments, and as shown in FIG. 5, the remaining, centralconnection posts 22 are electrically connected to the control circuit 38(not shown in FIG. 5) and the row lines 16P, 16S, and 16G.

Three row lines 16 are included in the example of FIG. 5, a row powerline 16P, a row ground line 16G, and a row signal line 16S. The columnline segments 17 together with the electrical jumper 20 connections(wire 40 and connection posts 22 on the pixel substrate 36) form thecolumn signal line 18S. In general, the row signal line 16S can act as aselect line and the column signal line 18S as a data line (or viceversa) as is commonly done in matrix-addressed analog display controlsystems. Together, the row power line 16P, the row ground line 16G, therow signal line 16S, and the column signal line 18S operate the LED 34as an active-matrix pixel under the control of the row, column, anddisplay controllers (as shown in the illustrative embodiment of FIG.1A). Thus, in some embodiments of a single metal layer display 10, therow lines 16 of one of the arrays of row lines 16 are signal lines, therow lines 16 of one of the arrays of row lines 16 are row power lines,the row lines 16 of one of the arrays of row lines 16 are row groundlines, and the row lines 16 of one of the arrays of row lines 16 are rowsignal lines. In some embodiments, the row lines 16 of another,different one of the arrays of row lines 16 are also signal lines, orany combination thereof. In general, as many row lines 16 can bedisposed between the column line segments 17 as is desired, so long asthe pixel substrate 36 (or jumper substrate 21 if the jumper substrate21 is separate from the pixel substrate 36, as in the illustrativeembodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B) is sufficiently large to bridge thedistance between the adjacent column line segments 17 in a column.

FIG. 5 illustrates an illustrative embodiment of the present inventionwherein a plurality of row lines 16 pass between the column linesegments 17 of a single column line 18 in each pixel to control a singleLED 34 with an active-matrix control circuit 38 (as in the illustrativeembodiments shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B). As shown in the illustrativeembodiment of full-color pixels shown in FIG. 6, multiple column lines18 can also be provided for each pixel circuit 30 with one or severalrow lines 16. (FIG. 6 illustrates multiple row lines 16 but, inalternative embodiments, only a single row line 16 is provided.) Thus,the patterned metal layer 15 (as shown in the illustrative embodimentsshown in FIG. 1A, 1B) forms a plurality of two-dimensional arrays ofspatially separated column line segments 17 that extend only partiallyacross the display area in the column direction 70, an electrical jumper20 electrically connects each pair of column line segments 17 adjacentin the column direction 70 to electrically connect the adjacent columnline segments 17 and form a plurality of one-dimensional arrays ofelectrically continuous column lines 18 extending across the displayarea 11 in the column direction 70, and the pixel circuit 30 connects toone column line 18 of each of the one-dimensional arrays of column lines18.

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 6, the multiple row lines 16P,16G, and 16S provide the power, ground, and row select signals asdescribed with respect to FIG. 5. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG.6, as in that of FIG. 5, the pixel substrate 36 is also the jumpersubstrate 21 so that the pixel circuit 30 and the electrical jumper 20are formed on a common substrate in a common device. Multiple electricaljumpers 20 are formed by electrically connecting the furthest apartpairs of connection posts 22 in the column direction 70 with a wire 40.

Three column lines 18R, 18G, and 18B are included in the example of FIG.6, together with the row power line 16P, the row ground line 16G, andthe row signal line 16S. In general, the row signal line 16S can act asa select line and the column signal lines 18R, 18G, and 18B as datalines for each of the red, green, and blue LEDs 34R, 34G, 34B,respectively, as is commonly done in matrix-addressed analog displaycontrol systems. Together, the row power line 16P, the row ground line16G, the row signal line 16S, and the column signal lines 18R, 18G, and18B operate the LEDs 34R, 34G, 34B, respectively, as a full-coloractive-matrix pixel under the control of the row, column, and displaycontrollers and control circuit 38. The row, column, and displaycontrollers are shown in FIG. 1A and the LEDs 34R, 34G, 34B and thecontrol circuit 38 are shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B.

Thus, in some embodiments of the single metal layer display 10, thecolumn lines 18 of one of the arrays of column lines 18 are signallines. Alternatively, one or more of the column lines 18 of one of thearrays of column lines 18 are column power lines or column ground lines,or both, or include column signal lines, power lines, or ground lines inany combination. In general, as many arrays or groups of column lines 18can be disposed in the display area 11 as is desired, so long as thepixel substrate 36 (or jumper substrate 21 if the jumper substrate 21 isseparate from the pixel substrate 36 as in FIGS. 1A and 1B) issufficiently large to connect to all of the adjacent column linesegments 17 in each of the columns of each pixel. In some embodiments,the connection posts 22 are disposed around the periphery of the pixelsubstrate 36.

Referring next to FIGS. 7A and 7B, in some embodiments, the row lines 16include data signals communicated on row lines 16R, 16S, 16B for each ofthe LEDs 34R, 34G, 34B, respectively (shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B) andthe column signal line 18S communicates a column select function. FIG.7B shows a cross section of FIG. 7A illustrating the protrudingconnection posts 22, the LEDs 34R, 34G, 34B, and the control circuit 38(corresponding to the illustrative embodiment shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B).

In some embodiments of the present invention, it can be useful toprovide redundant electrical connections to improve the manufacturingyield of the single metal layer display 10. As shown in FIG. 8A, in someembodiments, two connection posts 22 are provided for each electricalconnection to the display substrate 12 (shown in FIGS. 1A-1D). Moreover,two wires 40 forming two electrical connection are provided toelectrically connect each electrical jumper 20. FIG. 8A illustrates anillustrative embodiment with three row lines 16 and two column lines 18.

As shown in FIG. 8B for a single column line 18, redundancy can beprovided by forming a column line extension 17E electrically connectedto each column line segment 17 for each pixel that extends in the rowdirection 72. A redundant connection post 22 is electrically connectedto the column line extension 17E. Thus, certain embodiments of thepresent invention include a column line extension 17E electricallyconnected to the column line 18 and extending in the row direction 72providing space on the display substrate 12 (FIG. 1A) for one or moreredundant connection posts 22 each electrically connected to the columnline 18 or column line 18.

The column line extension 17E structure can be applied to someembodiments with redundant pixel circuits 30A, 30B and redundantelectrical jumpers 20A, 20B in a common redundant device, as shown inFIG. 8C. Alternatively, separate redundant pixel circuits 30 andelectrical jumpers 20 are provided (not shown). In the illustrativeembodiment shown in FIG. 8C, two redundant devices are provided oncorresponding pixel substrates 36 (common with jumper substrates 21) sothat, if one of the pixel circuits 30A or 30B or one of the electricaljumpers 20A or 20B fails, is defective, or is improperly electricallyconnected, the other can provide the needed functionality, therebyimproving the single metal layer display 10 yields. The redundantdevices can be provided as a repair after testing or provided as aduplicate when the single metal layer display 10 is manufactured.

An illustrative embodiment including redundant devices (as in FIG. 8C)and redundant connections (as in FIGS. 8A and 8B) is shown in FIG. 8D.The illustrative embodiment of FIG. 8D includes redundant pixel circuits30A and 30B and electrical jumpers 20A and 20B. Each connection post 22of each of the redundant devices is also redundantly connected,providing further improvements in manufacturing yields.

Referring to FIG. 8E, in certain embodiments, the column line extension17E extends to either side of the column line 18 and column line segment17, rather than to one side as shown in FIGS. 8B-8D. Locations for threedevices in each pixel are shown improving manufacturing yields evenfurther (although the illustrative embodiments of FIGS. 8C and 8D can beextended to three or more redundant devices). The configuration of FIG.8E corresponds to that of FIGS. 7A and 7B.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a micro-transfer printablecircuit (for example as illustrated in FIGS. 5, 6, 7A, 7B, and 8A-8E)comprises a pixel substrate 36 having a pixel circuit 30 with three ormore electrical connections (e.g., connection posts 22). At least two ofthe electrical connections are directly electrically connected to forman electrical jumper 20 and at least two of the electrical connectionscause the pixel circuit 30 to emit light when provided with electricalsignals. One of the at least two of the electrical connections thatcause the pixel circuit 30 to emit light can also be one of theelectrical connections that are directly electrically connected to forman electrical jumper 20. In some embodiments, each electrical connectioncomprises a connection post 22 protruding from the pixel substrate 36.

A schematic illustration of a micro-transfer printed electrical jumper20 is illustrated in FIG. 9 and includes a jumper substrate 21 with abroken tether 69 and a wire 40 electrically connecting connection posts22. The jumper substrate 21 can be, for example, a semiconductor (suchas silicon), glass, metal, or ceramic wafer. The wires 40 can be anyelectrical conductor, such as metal. The connection posts 22 can be anyprotruding structure coated with or made of an electrical conductor,such as metal.

Referring to FIGS. 11A-11F, micro-transfer printable electrical jumpers20 can be made on a jumper source wafer 60 using photolithographicprocesses. The jumper source wafer 60 can be, for example, asemiconductor (such as silicon), glass, metal, or ceramic wafer.Suitable wafers for use as jumper source wafers 60 are commerciallyavailable and are provided (as shown in FIG. 11A) in certain methods. Asacrificial layer can be patterned on or over the jumper source wafer 60to form sacrificial portions 62. The sacrificial portions 62 can bedesignated portions of an anisotropically etchable material (such assilicon) or patterned layers of materials such as oxides, for examplesilicon dioxide, that are differentially etchable from the jumper sourcewafer 60 (as shown in FIG. 11B). As shown in FIG. 11C, the sacrificialportions 62 are pattern-wise etched to make forms 64 in the sacrificialportions 62, for example pyramidal depressions, holes, or indentations.Referring next to FIG. 11D, a patterned metal layer 24 (or otherpatterned conductive layer) is formed over the sacrificial portions 62and in the forms 64 that electrically connects the portions of the metalin the forms 64. The patterned metal layer 24 forms the wires 40 in theelectrical jumper 20 (e.g., see FIG. 1C) and the connection posts 22. Alayer of dielectric material 26, for example an oxide or nitride such assilicon dioxide or silicon nitride, is coated over the patterned metallayer 24 to protect it (as shown in FIG. 11E). The sacrificial portion62 is then etched to undercut the electrical jumper 20 and form tethers68 physically connecting the electrical jumper 20 to an anchor 66portion of the jumper source wafer 60 (as shown in FIG. 11F). Theelectrical jumper 20 can then be micro-transfer printed from the sourcewafer 60 to the display substrate 12. The deposition, patterning, andetching can be done using photolithographic processes.

Referring to FIG. 13, an electrical jumper 20 can be micro-transferprinted from a jumper source wafer 60 to a display substrate 12 with anelastomeric stamp 50 having pillars 52 corresponding to the location ofeach micro-transfer printable electrical jumper 20 on the jumper sourcewafer 60. The electrical jumpers 20 are released from the jumper sourcewafer 60 by contacting each electrical jumper 20 with a stamp pillar 52to break the tether 68 making a broken tether 69 (shown in FIG. 9) andadhere the electrical jumper 20 to the pillar 52. The stamp 50 is thentransferred to the display substrate 12 and each electrical jumper 20 ispressed against the display substrate 12 in the desired location so thatthe connection posts 22 are electrically contacted to the contact pads14 and the electrical jumper 20 is adhered to the display substrate 12(shown in FIG. 14). The stamp 50 is then removed.

Referring to FIGS. 12A-12F, in some embodiments, micro-transferprintable pixel circuits 30 can be made on a pixel source wafer 61 usingphotolithographic processes. In some embodiments of the presentinvention, the pixel source wafer 61 is not a semiconductor, forexample, it can be glass, metal, or ceramic wafer, as is the case in theillustrative embodiments of FIGS. 2A, 2B and 4A, 4B. In some embodimentsof the present invention, the pixel source wafer 61 is a semiconductor,for example silicon. Suitable pixel source wafers 61 are commerciallyavailable. The processing steps shown in FIGS. 11A-11C are carried outon the pixel source wafer 61 (instead of the jumper source wafer 60).However, the patterned metal layer 24 of FIG. 11D is patterneddifferently as shown in FIG. 12A to provide electrically separateelectrical connections from the connection posts 22 to the pixel circuit30. Referring to FIG. 12B, the layer of dielectric 26 is coated (as inFIG. 11E). Referring to FIG. 12C, LEDs 34 or semiconductor substrates 39(not shown) are micro-transfer printed to the dielectric layer 26. TheLEDs 34 can be horizontal LEDs 34 that emit light through the dielectriclayer 26 and include LED contact pads 32 for the electrodes 28.

A second dielectric layer 26 is deposited and patterned over the LEDs 34(and semiconductor substrate 39, if present) with vias 27 opened foreach of the LED contact pads 32 and control circuit 38 (if present)electrical connections and the two portions of the patterned metal layer24 connected to the connection posts 22 (FIG. 12D). Referring to FIG.12E, a pair of electrodes 28 for controlling the LED 34 and any otherneeded electrodes 28 are patterned over the dielectric layers 26connecting through the vias 27 to the connection posts 22 and LEDcontact pads 32. Next, as shown in FIG. 12F, the sacrificial portions 62can be etched to make the micro-transfer printable pixel circuits 30,tethers 68, and anchors 66. The pixel circuits 30 can be micro-transferprinted from the pixel source wafer 61 to the display substrate 12 usingthe same process as described with respect to FIGS. 13 and 14.

FIGS. 12A-12F show stages of an illustrative method for constructing anLED with connection posts. The same illustrative method can be used toprovide the semiconductor substrate 39, control circuit 38, or the pixelsubstrate 36 with connection posts 22. In particular, the sameillustrative method can be used to provide connection posts 22 andelectrodes 38 that interconnect any control circuit 38, semiconductorsubstrate 39, LEDs 34, and electrical jumper 20 wires 40 in a commonpixel substrate 36 and jumper substrate 21. In some embodiments of thepresent invention, connection posts 22 protrude from the pixel substrate36, although the semiconductor substrate 39 or LEDs 34 do not have suchprotruding connection posts 22. The semiconductor substrate 39 or LEDs34 are electrically connected using high-resolution, fine electricalconnections on the pixel substrate 36 using photolithographic methodsafter the semiconductor substrate 39 or LEDs 34 are micro-transferprinted onto the pixel substrate 36 (FIGS. 4A, 4B). The pixel substrate36, with the semiconductor substrate 39 or LEDs 34 can be micro-transferprinted onto the display substrate 12.

An illustrative method of the present invention making a single metallayer display 10 is illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. 15 andincludes providing in step 100 a display substrate 12 having a patternedmetal layer 15 as described above. A plurality of electrical jumpers 20are provided on a jumper source wafer 60 in step 110. Each electricaljumper 20 has an independent and separate jumper substrate 21 differentfrom the display substrate 12 and different from the jumper substrate 21of any other electrical jumper 20. The electrical jumpers 20 aremicro-transfer printed onto the display substrate 12 and interconnectedin step 130 so that each electrical jumper 20 is electrically connectedto two column line segments 17 adjacent in the column direction 70 toelectrically connect the adjacent column line segments 17 and form aone-dimensional array of electrically continuous column lines 18extending across the display area 11 in the column direction 70. Aplurality of pixel circuits 30 are provided on a pixel source wafer 61in step 120. Each pixel circuit 30 has an independent and separate pixelsubstrate 36 different from the display substrate 12 and different fromthe pixel substrate 36 of any other pixel circuit 30. The pixel circuits30 are micro-transfer printed onto the display substrate 12 andinterconnected in step 140 so that each pixel circuit 30 is electricallyconnected to at least one row line 16 and one column line 18. The pixelcircuits 30 and the electrical jumpers 20 can have a common substrate.The interconnections of the pixel circuits 30 and the electrical jumpers20 can be done in the same step or the electrical jumpers 20 can beinterconnected after the pixel circuits 30 are micro-transfer printed.In general, step 130 can be done before or after step 140. Electricalinterconnection between the electrical jumpers 20 and the displaysubstrate 12 and between the pixel circuits 30 and the display substrate12 can be done using photolithography or as a consequence ofmicro-transfer printing the electrical jumpers 20 and the pixel circuits30 with connection posts 22.

Referring to FIG. 16, in an illustrative method, a plurality ofmicro-transfer printable pixel circuits 30 (without LEDs 34) areprovided in a pixel source wafer 61 in step 122 and LEDs 34 are providedon one or more, possibly different, LED source wafers in step 124. TheLEDS 34 are micro-transfer printed from the LED source wafer(s) to thepixel substrate 36 in step 126 and electrically interconnected toprovide a completed micro-transfer printable pixel circuit 30. If thepixel substrate 36 is a semiconductor substrate 39 and has a controlcircuit 38 formed therein or thereon, a structure corresponding to FIGS.3A and 3B is formed. If the pixel substrate 36 is not a semiconductorsubstrate 39 (for example glass or plastic) without a control circuit 38formed therein or thereon, a structure corresponding to FIGS. 2A and 2Bis formed.

Referring to FIG. 17, the method of FIG. 16 is extended by providing asilicon source wafer in or on which a plurality of control circuits 38is or can be formed in step 128. The silicon substrates with the controlcircuits 38 are micro-transfer printed and electrically interconnectedin step 129 onto the pixel substrates 36, for example to form thestructure of FIGS. 4A and 4B. The interconnections of the controlcircuits 38 and the LEDs 34 can be done in the same step or the LEDs 34interconnected after the silicon substrates are micro-transfer printed.In general, step 126 can be done before or after step 129.

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure is directed tomatrix-addressed arrays of elements on a substrate and is described withrespect to displays. However, in certain embodiments, the presentinvention can be (e.g., additionally) directed to any matrix-addresseddevice, for example including a sensor array. Such sensor arrays can beused in imaging, for example medical imaging to form images. Thus,according to an embodiment of the present invention, a single metallayer sensor array includes a sensor substrate having a sensor surfacewith a sensor area and a patterned metal layer 15 disposed in or on thesensor substrate in the sensor area. The patterned metal layer 15 is atleast partially exposed on the sensor surface. The patterned metal layer15 forms a two-dimensional array of spatially separated column linesegments 17 in the sensor area, each column line segment 17 extendingonly partially across the sensor area in a column direction 70. Thepatterned metal layer 15 also forms a one-dimensional array of row lines16 extending across the sensor area in a row direction 72 different fromthe column direction 70. The row lines 16 and column line segments 17are electrically separate in the patterned metal layer 15 and in thesensor substrate. A plurality of spatially separated electrical jumpers20 can be disposed in the sensor area on the sensor surface with eachelectrical jumper 20 electrically connected to two column line segments17 adjacent in the column direction 70 to electrically connect theadjacent column line segments 17 and form a one-dimensional array ofelectrically continuous column lines 18 extending across the sensor areain the column direction 70, wherein each electrical jumper 20 has anindependent jumper substrate 21 independent of and separate from thesensor substrate and independent of and separate from the jumpersubstrate 21 of any other electrical jumper 20. A plurality of spatiallyseparated light-sensitive pixel circuits can be disposed in the sensorarea on the sensor surface, each pixel circuit electrically connected toat least one row line 16 and one column line 18.

In some such sensing embodiments, the patterned metal layer 15, rowlines 16, column line segments 17, column lines, 18 electrical jumpers20, and micro-transfer printing methods and structures are all asdescribed with respect to displays. However, light sensing and lightsensing diodes, such as photodiodes made in silicon, replace the lightemitters or LEDs. The display substrate, display area, and displaysurface are a sensor substrate, sensor area, and sensor surface andinclude essentially the same materials and structures.

In further illustrative methods of the present invention, micro-transferprinting the electrical jumpers 20 electrically interconnects theelectrical jumpers 20 with the contact pads 14 on the display substrate12 so that each electrical jumper 20 is electrically connected to twocolumn line segments 17 adjacent in the column direction 70 toelectrically connect the adjacent column line segments 17. Similarly, incertain embodiments, micro-transfer printing the pixel circuits 30electrically interconnects the pixel circuits 30 with the contact pads14 on the display substrate 12.

The row lines 16 and column line segments 17 can be opaque, formed ofmetal, conductive ink, or of electrically conductive transparent metaloxides. The row lines 16 and column line segments 17 can be arranged sothat they do not occlude light emitted from the pixel circuits 30. Therow lines 16 and column line segments 17 can be made usingphotolithographic and display substrate processing techniques, forexample photolithographic processes employing metal or metal oxidedeposition using, for example, evaporation or sputtering, curable resincoatings (e.g., SU8), positive or negative photo-resist coating,radiation (e.g., ultraviolet radiation) exposure through a patternedmask, and etching methods to form patterned metal structures, vias,insulating layers, and electrical interconnections. Inkjet andscreen-printing deposition processes and materials can be used to formpatterned conductors or other electrical elements.

The display substrate 12 can be any conventional substrate such asglass, plastic, or metal or include such materials. The displaysubstrate 12 can be transparent, for example having a transmissivitygreater than or equal to 50%, 80%, 90%, or 95% for visible light. Thedisplay substrate 12 usefully has two opposing smooth sides (such asdisplay surface 13) suitable for material deposition, photolithographicprocessing, or micro-transfer printing of micro-LEDs 34. The displaysubstrate 12 can have a size of a conventional display, for example, arectangle with a diagonal of a few centimeters to one or more meters anda thickness of 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, or 20 mm. The lightemitters (e.g. micro-LEDs 34 can be provided using photolithographicintegrated circuit processes on semiconductor substrates. The micro-LEDsemiconductor substrates are much smaller than and separate and distinctfrom the display substrate 12.

In some embodiments, light emitters of the pixel circuit 30 areinorganic micro-LEDs 34. By referring to an LED 34 as a micro-LED 34 ismeant that the micro-LED 34 is too small to be directly observed orresolved by a display viewer at the designed viewing distance.

Certain embodiments of the present invention can be constructed usingintegrated circuit and printed circuit board methods, materials, andprocesses together with micro-transfer printing methods, structures, andmaterials. The micro-LEDs 34 can be made using semiconductor materials,integrated circuit materials and processes, and micro transfer materialsand printing processes. Electrical conductors patterned on the displaysubstrate 12 such as row lines 16 and column line segments 17 and wires40 formed in the pixel circuits 30 or electrical jumpers 20 can be madeusing photolithographic processes with metal or metal oxides, or usingtechnologies including conductive inks, imprinting, printing,electroplating, or inkjet deposition.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the micro-LEDs 34 areformed in a semiconductor substrate using integrated circuit processes.Each micro-LED 34 can have an area or a light-emissive area of, forexample, less than 500, 250, 100, or 50 square microns. The micro-LEDs34 can be spaced apart in one or two dimensions, for example, by 50microns or more, 100 microns or more, or 500 microns or more, 1000microns or more, or 2000 microns or more in each dimension over thedisplay area 11. Because micro-LEDs 34 have a relatively small emissivearea compared to the display area 11, the emissive fill factor for thesingle metal display 10 can be very low, for example the area of themicro-LEDs 34 over the display area 11 is less than or equal toone-quarter, one eighth, one tenth, one twentieth, one fiftieth, onehundredth, one five-hundredth, one thousandth, one two-thousandth, orone ten-thousandth of the display area 11 itself.

The electrical jumpers 20 can have a variety of different sizes oremissive areas. For example, the electrical jumpers can have at leastone of a width from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm,a length from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm, and aheight from 2 to 5 μm, 4 to 10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm. Becausethe electrical jumpers 20 of the present invention can be so small incomparison to prior art jumpers or DIP switches, they can be used incircumstances (such as with pixel arrays in displays) that are notpractical for prior-art connection devices that do not rely uponphotolithographically made electrical structures.

The micro-LEDs 34 or pixel circuits 30 can likewise have a variety ofdifferent sizes or emissive areas. For example, the micro-LEDs 34 orpixel circuits 30 can have at least one of a width from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to10 μm, 10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm, a length from 2 to 5 μm, 5 to 10 μm,10 to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm, and a height from 2 to 5 μm, 4 to 10 μm, 10to 20 μm, or 20 to 50 μm.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the micro-LEDs 34 emitlight through the display substrate 12. In other embodiments, themicro-LEDs 34 emit light in a direction opposite (i.e., away from) thedisplay substrate 12.

Electrical interconnections, or wires 40, in the pixel circuits 30 orelectrical jumpers 20 can be fine interconnections, for example, havinga width of less than 50 microns, less than 20 microns, less than 10microns, less than five microns, less than two microns, or less than onemicron, particularly for micro-LEDs 34 in a pixel circuit 30.Alternatively, row lines 16 and column line segments 17 can include oneor more crude lithography interconnections having a width from 2 μm to 2mm.

Micro-transfer printed electrical jumpers 20 are discussed in U.S. Pat.No. 8,889,485, entitled Methods for Surface Attachment of Flipped ActiveComponents by Christopher Bower, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/822,864 entitled Chiplets with Connection Posts by Prevatte et al.,the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

The single metal layer display 10 can be formed using micro-transfertechniques. In some embodiments, the light emitters (e.g. micro-LEDs 34)or control circuits 38 are micro-transfer printed to the pixel substrate36 in one or more transfers or the pixel circuits 30 are micro-transferprinted to the display substrate 12. For a discussion of micro-transferprinting techniques see U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,722,458, 7,622,367 and8,506,867, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated byreference. Additional details useful in understanding and performingaspects of the present invention are described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/743,981, filed Jun. 18, 2015, entitled MicroAssembled LED Displays and Lighting Elements, and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/754,573 filed Jun. 29, 2015, entitledSmall-Aperture-Ratio Display with Electrical Component, the disclosureof each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Adiscussion of compound micro-assembly structures and methods is providedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/822,868, filed Aug. 10, 2015,entitled Compound Micro-Assembly Strategies and Devices, the disclosureof which is included by reference herein in its entirety.

As is understood by those skilled in the art, the terms “over”, “under”,“above”, “below”, “beneath”, and “on” are relative terms and can beinterchanged in reference to different orientations of the layers,elements, and substrates included in the present invention. For example,a first layer on a second layer, in some embodiments means a first layerdirectly on and in contact with a second layer. In other embodiments, afirst layer on a second layer can include another layer there between.In other embodiments, a first layer on a second layer means a firstlayer in the second layer (e.g., “on” can mean “in or on”). For example,a top portion of the second layer is the first layer. Moreover, theterms “row” and “column” can be interchanged since they are defined bythe orientation of the display substrate 12.

Having described certain embodiments, it will now become apparent to oneof skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts ofthe disclosure may be used. Therefore, the invention should not belimited to the described embodiments, but rather should be limited onlyby the spirit and scope of the following claims.

Throughout the description, where apparatus and systems are described ashaving, including, or comprising specific components, or where processesand methods are described as having, including, or comprising specificsteps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are apparatus, andsystems of the disclosed technology that consist essentially of, orconsist of, the recited components, and that there are processes andmethods according to the disclosed technology that consist essentiallyof, or consist of, the recited processing steps.

It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performingcertain action is immaterial so long as the disclosed technology remainsoperable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions in some circumstancescan be conducted simultaneously. The invention has been described indetail with particular reference to certain embodiments thereof, but itwill be understood that variations and modifications can be effectedwithin the spirit and scope of the invention.

PARTS LIST

-   A cross section line A-   B cross section line B-   C cross section line C-   D cross section line D-   E cross section line E-   10 single metal layer display-   11 display area-   12 display substrate-   13 display surface-   14 contact pads-   15 patterned metal layer-   16 row line-   16G ground line-   16P power line-   16S signal line-   16R signal line-   16B signal line-   17 column line segment-   17A first column line segment-   17B second column line segment-   17E column line extension-   18 column line-   18S column signal line-   18R column signal line-   18G column signal line-   18B column signal line-   19 bus-   20 electrical jumper-   20A electrical jumper-   20B electrical jumper-   20C electrical jumper-   21 jumper substrate-   22 connection post-   24 patterned metal layer-   26 dielectric/dielectric layer-   27 via-   28 electrode-   30 pixel circuit-   30A pixel circuit-   30B pixel circuit-   32 LED contact pad-   34 light-emitting diode-   34R red light-emitting diode-   34G green light-emitting diode-   34B blue light-emitting diode-   36 pixel substrate-   38 control circuit-   39 semiconductor substrate-   40 wire-   50 stamp-   52 pillar-   60 jumper source wafer-   61 pixel source wafer-   62 sacrificial portion-   64 form-   66 anchor-   68 tether-   69 broken tether-   70 column direction-   72 row direction-   100 provide display substrate step-   110 provide jumper source wafer step-   120 provide complete circuit source wafer step-   122 provide bare circuit source wafer step-   124 provide LED source wafer step-   126 micro-transfer print LEDs onto pixel substrates step-   128 provide silicon source wafer step-   129 micro-transfer print silicon circuits onto pixel substrates step-   130 micro-transfer print electrical jumpers onto display substrate    step-   140 micro-transfer print circuits onto display substrate step

What is claimed is:
 1. A single metal layer display, comprising: adisplay substrate having a display surface with a display area; apatterned metal layer disposed in or on the display substrate at leastpartially in the display area, the patterned metal layer at leastpartially exposed on the display surface, wherein the patterned metallayer forms a two-dimensional array of spatially separated column linesegments in the display area, each column line segment extending onlypartially across the display area in a column direction; wherein thepatterned metal layer forms a one-dimensional array of row linesextending across the display area in a row direction different from thecolumn direction, and wherein the row lines and column line segments areelectrically separate in the patterned metal layer; a plurality ofspatially separated electrical jumpers disposed in the display area onthe display surface, each electrical jumper electrically connected totwo column line segments adjacent in the column direction toelectrically connect the adjacent column line segments and form aone-dimensional array of electrically continuous column lines extendingacross the display area in the column direction, wherein each electricaljumper comprises an independent jumper substrate independent of andseparate from the display substrate and independent of and separate fromthe jumper substrate of any other electrical jumper, wherein theelectrical jumpers in the plurality of spatially separated electricaljumpers are non-native to the display substrate; and a plurality ofspatially separated light-emitting pixel circuits disposed in thedisplay area on the display surface, each pixel circuit electricallyconnected to at least one row line of the array of row lines and onecolumn line of the array of electrically continuous column lines.
 2. Thesingle metal layer display of claim 1, wherein each pixel circuitcomprises an independent pixel substrate separate from the displaysubstrate and separate from the pixel substrate of any other pixelcircuit.
 3. The single metal layer display of claim 2, wherein eachpixel circuit comprises one or more light emitters that are disposed onthe pixel substrate.
 4. The single metal layer display of claim 2,wherein the pixel circuit comprises at least first and second wiresformed on or in the pixel substrate and one or more light-emittingdiodes (LEDs), each LED comprises a light-emitting structureelectrically connected to at least first and second connection posts,the first connection post is in electrical contact with the first wire,and the second connection post is in contact with the second wire. 5.The single metal layer display of claim 2, wherein each pixel substratecomprises at least row and column connection posts, the row connectionpost is in electrical contact with a row conductor and the columnconnection post is in contact with a column conductor segment.
 6. Thesingle metal layer display of claim 1, wherein the patterned metal layerforms a plurality of two-dimensional arrays of spatially separatedcolumn line segments that extend only partially across the display areain the column direction, an electrical jumper electrically connected toeach pair of column line segments adjacent in the column direction toelectrically connect the adjacent column line segments and form aplurality of one-dimensional arrays of electrically continuous columnlines extending across the display area in the column direction, and thepixel circuit is connected to one column line of each of theone-dimensional arrays of column lines.
 7. The single metal layerdisplay of claim 6, wherein the column lines of one of the arrays ofcolumn lines are signal lines, the column lines of one of the arrays ofcolumn lines are power lines, the column lines of one of the arrays ofcolumn lines are ground lines, the column lines of one of the arrays ofcolumn lines are signal lines and the column lines of another, differentone of the arrays of column lines are also signal lines, or anycombination thereof.
 8. The single metal layer display of claim 1,wherein each pixel circuit comprises one or more inorganiclight-emitting diodes (LEDs) or each pixel circuit comprises one or moreorganic LEDs.
 9. The single metal layer display of claim 1, wherein eachpixel circuit comprises two or more light emitters that each emit adifferent color of light or each pixel circuit comprises a red lightemitter that emits red light, a green light emitter that emits greenlight, and a blue light emitter that emits blue light.
 10. The singlemetal layer display of claim 1, wherein (i) the pixel circuits arepassive circuits, (ii) the single metal layer display is apassive-matrix display, or (iii) both the pixel circuits are passivecircuits and the single metal layer display is a passive-matrix display.11. The single metal layer display of claim 1, wherein (i) the pixelcircuits are active circuits that each comprise at least one transistor(ii) the single metal layer display is an active-matrix display, or(iii) the pixel circuits are active circuits that each comprise at leastone transistor and the single metal layer display is an active-matrixdisplay.
 12. The single metal layer display of claim 1, wherein eachelectrical jumper comprises at least first and second connection postsprotruding from the jumper substrate, the first connection post inelectrical contact with a first column line segment and the secondconnection post in electrical contact with a second column line segmentadjacent to the first column line segment.
 13. A method of making asingle metal layer display comprising: providing a display substratehaving a display surface with a display area, the display substratecomprising a patterned metal layer disposed in or on the displaysubstrate at least partially in the display area, the patterned metallayer at least partially exposed on the display surface, wherein thepatterned metal layer forms a two-dimensional array of spatiallyseparated column line segments in the display area, each column linesegment extending only partially across the display area in a columndirection; wherein the patterned metal layer forms a one-dimensionalarray of row lines extending across the display area in a row directiondifferent from the column direction, and wherein the row lines andcolumn line segments are electrically separate in the patterned metallayer; providing a plurality of electrical jumpers on and native to ajumper source wafer, each electrical jumper having an independent andseparate jumper substrate different from and non-native to the displaysubstrate and independent of and separate from the jumper substrate ofany other electrical jumper; micro-transfer printing the electricaljumpers onto the display substrate with a stamp and interconnecting theelectrical jumpers so that each electrical jumper is electricallyconnected to two column line segments adjacent in the column directionto electrically connect the adjacent column line segments and form aone-dimensional array of electrically continuous column lines extendingacross the display area in the column direction, wherein, after beingmicro-transfer printed, the electrical jumpers are disposed on andnon-native to the display substrate; providing a plurality of pixelcircuits on a pixel source wafer, each pixel circuit having anindependent and separate pixel substrate different from the displaysubstrate and different from the pixel substrate of any other pixelcircuit; and micro-transfer printing the pixel circuits onto the displaysubstrate with a stamp and interconnecting the pixel circuits so thateach pixel circuit is electrically connected to at least one row lineand one column line.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein micro-transferprinting the electrical jumpers interconnects the electrical jumperssuch that each electrical jumper is electrically connected to two columnline segments adjacent in the column direction thereby electricallyconnecting the adjacent column line segments or wherein micro-transferprinting the pixel circuits electrically interconnects the pixelcircuits with the row lines and column lines on the display substrate.15. The method of claim 13, comprising providing a light-emitting diode(LED) source wafer and micro-transfer printing LEDs from the LED sourcewafer onto the pixel substrate.
 16. A single metal layer display,comprising: a display substrate having a display surface with a displayarea; a patterned metal layer disposed in or on the display substrate atleast partially in the display area, the patterned metal layer at leastpartially exposed on the display surface, wherein the patterned metallayer forms a two-dimensional array of spatially separated column linesegments in the display area, each column line segment extending onlypartially across the display area in a column direction; wherein thepatterned metal layer forms a one-dimensional array of row linesextending across the display area in a row direction different from thecolumn direction, and wherein the row lines and column line segments areelectrically separate in the patterned metal layer; a plurality ofspatially separated electrical jumpers disposed in the display area onthe display surface, each electrical jumper electrically connected totwo column line segments adjacent in the column direction toelectrically connect the adjacent column line segments and form aone-dimensional array of electrically continuous column lines extendingacross the display area in the column direction, wherein each electricaljumper comprises an independent jumper substrate independent of andseparate from the display substrate and independent of and separate fromthe jumper substrate of any other electrical jumper; and a plurality ofspatially separated light-emitting pixel circuits disposed in thedisplay area on the display surface, each pixel circuit electricallyconnected to at least one row line of the array of row lines and onecolumn line of the array of electrically continuous column lines, andwherein each pixel circuit comprises an independent pixel substrateseparate from the display substrate and separate from the pixelsubstrate of any other pixel circuit, and wherein each pixel circuitcomprises a semiconductor substrate different from the displaysubstrate, separate from the pixel substrate of any other pixel circuit,and separate from the semiconductor substrate of any other pixelcircuit, the pixel circuit comprises a control circuit native to thesemiconductor substrate, and the semiconductor substrate is disposed onthe pixel substrate.
 17. The single metal layer display of claim 16,wherein, for each of the plurality of spatially separated light-emittingpixel circuits, the pixel circuit comprises at least a first wire and asecond wire that are formed on or in the pixel substrate, thesemiconductor substrate comprises at least a first connection post and asecond connection post, the first connection post is in electricalcontact with the first wire, and the second connection post is inelectrical contact with the second wire.
 18. A single metal layerdisplay, comprising: a display substrate having a display surface with adisplay area; a patterned metal layer disposed in or on the displaysubstrate at least partially in the display area, the patterned metallayer at least partially exposed on the display surface, wherein thepatterned metal layer forms a two-dimensional array of spatiallyseparated column line segments in the display area, each column linesegment extending only partially across the display area in a columndirection; wherein the patterned metal layer forms a one-dimensionalarray of row lines extending across the display area in a row directiondifferent from the column direction, and wherein the row lines andcolumn line segments are electrically separate in the patterned metallayer; a plurality of spatially separated electrical jumpers disposed inthe display area on the display surface, each electrical jumperelectrically connected to two column line segments adjacent in thecolumn direction to electrically connect the adjacent column linesegments and form a one-dimensional array of electrically continuouscolumn lines extending across the display area in the column direction,wherein each electrical jumper comprises an independent jumper substrateindependent of and separate from the display substrate and independentof and separate from the jumper substrate of any other electricaljumper; and a plurality of spatially separated light-emitting pixelcircuits disposed in the display area on the display surface, each pixelcircuit electrically connected to at least one row line of the array ofrow lines and one column line of the array of electrically continuouscolumn lines, and wherein each pixel circuit comprises an independentpixel substrate separate from the display substrate and separate fromthe pixel substrate of any other pixel circuit, wherein the pixelsubstrate is a semiconductor substrate, the pixel circuit comprises acontrol circuit, and the control circuit is native to the semiconductorsubstrate.
 19. A method of making a single metal layer displaycomprising: providing a display substrate having a display surface witha display area, the display substrate comprising a patterned metal layerdisposed in or on the display substrate at least partially in thedisplay area, the patterned metal layer at least partially exposed onthe display surface, wherein the patterned metal layer forms atwo-dimensional array of spatially separated column line segments in thedisplay area, each column line segment extending only partially acrossthe display area in a column direction; wherein the patterned metallayer forms a one-dimensional array of row lines extending across thedisplay area in a row direction different from the column direction, andwherein the row lines and column line segments are electrically separatein the patterned metal layer; providing a plurality of electricaljumpers on a jumper source wafer, each electrical jumper having anindependent and separate jumper substrate different from the displaysubstrate and different from the jumper substrate of any otherelectrical jumper; micro-transfer printing the electrical jumpers ontothe display substrate and interconnecting the electrical jumpers so thateach electrical jumper is electrically connected to two column linesegments adjacent in the column direction to electrically connect theadjacent column line segments and form a one-dimensional array ofelectrically continuous column lines extending across the display areain the column direction; providing a plurality of pixel circuits on apixel source wafer, each pixel circuit having an independent andseparate pixel substrate different from the display substrate anddifferent from the pixel substrate of any other pixel circuit;micro-transfer printing the pixel circuits onto the display substrateand interconnecting the pixel circuits so that each pixel circuit iselectrically connected to at least one row line and one column line; andproviding a control circuit in each of a plurality of silicon substratesin a silicon source wafer and micro-transfer printing the siliconsubstrates from the silicon source wafer onto the pixel substrate.